Sites of Memory reattaches memories of the dead to locations in New York City through audio guided walking tours and map-based archives, linking separate urban sites together into a larger story about remembrance, mortality and forgetting.
TAKE A TOUR
Mobile audio tours guide you through an invisible layer of the city. Click on a featured tour and send the link to your phone. These tours run in the browsers of HTML5 capable smartphones.
EXPLORE THE MAP
Check out unique sites near your current location or explore far-away neighborhoods. Each map point contains a short text, audio file, and image.
Featured Mobile Audio Tours
The Civil War Draft Riots
Narrated by Lewis H. Lapham
Courtesy of the Harlem Dowling-West Side Center for Children and Family Services
Single Points of Interest
Narrated by Angela Riechers
The General Slocum
Narrated by Luc Sante
The Mariners' Museum, Newport News, VA
The Beautiful Cigar Girl
Narrated by Kurt Andersen
About the project
Did you know that pirates were once hanged from the gallows on the island where the Statue of Liberty now stands? Or that 1904’s General Slocum steamship disaster was the largest single-day loss of life in New York City until 9/11? These events and countless other stories like them stubbornly hang around their old neighborhoods, though many of the places are long gone—the waterfront filled in, the buildings torn down, characters long since dead and buried. But the narratives endure, and tales that unfolded decades or even centuries ago can still resonate with our lives today in unexpected ways. Curated tours—similar to a multi-chapter book—describe the bigger picture of cultural and social conditions, locate a viewer in time and give context for the issues raised by the narrative. Single points of interest—more like individual short stories—provide quicker hits of narrative. The next phase of Sites of Memory will allow users to upload their own memorial tributes to create an interactive, publicly accessible archive of remembrance. Sites of Memory is supported by a grant from the AOL Artists 25 for 25 program.ABOUT ANGELA RIECHERS
I’m an art director and writer specializing in design, media, and visual culture. In all of my work, I aim to connect the dots between past and present, and to find a path to unseen points ahead.
email: angela@sitesofmemory.com blog: sitesofmemory.tumblr.com twitter: @SitesOfMemory facebook: facebook.com/pages/Sites-of-Memory/132706536809924CONTRIBUTORS
KURT ANDERSEN
Photograph © Marco Antonio
KURT ANDERSEN is the author of three critically acclaimed novels--True Believers (2012), Heyday (2007) and Turn of the Century (1999)—as well as the books Reset (2009) and The Real Thing (1980). He also writes short fiction, screenplays and work for the theater. In addition, he's host of Studio 360, the Peabody Award-winning public radio program, a new series of WNYC variety specials called Kings County, and a contributing editor to Vanity Fair. Previously, he co-founded Spy, served as editor-in-chief of New York and has been a columnist for The New Yorker and Time.
www.studio360.orgwww.kurtandersen.com
twitter.com/studio360show
twitter.com/Kbandersen
facebook.com/studio360show
LEWIS H. LAPHAM
Lewis H. Lapham is the founder and editor of Lapham's Quarterly, a newly-launched, award winning and critically acclaimed journal of history and ideas, praised by the historian David McCullough as "a god-send and a genuine treasure," and by the novelist, Dave Eggers, as "brilliant and much needed." Lapham's Quarterly was rated "one of the years hottest launches" by MIN, the media industry newsletter; Library Journal named it one of the best new journals of the year, and the Utne Reader judged it to be the "best new publication of 2009."
The editor emeritus of Harper's Magazine, Lapham in 2007 was inducted into the American Society of Magazine Editors Hall of Fame. He is the author of thirteen books, among them Money and Class in America, The Wish for Kings, Waiting for the Barbarians and Theater of War. He produces a weekly podcast, "The World in Time" for Bloomberg News, and his documentary film, "The American Ruling Class" has become part of the curriculum in many of the nation's schools and colleges. A member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Lapham has lectured at many of the nation's leading universities, among them Yale, Princeton, Dartmouth, and Stamford and the Universities of Michigan, Virginia, and Oregon.
http://www.laphamsquarterly.orghttp://www.facebook.com/LaphamsQuarterly
twitter.com/LaphamsQuart
LUC SANTE
Luc Sante’s books include Low Life, Evidence, The Factory of Facts, and Kill All Your Darlings. He teaches at Bard.
FAQs
WHAT IS SITES OF MEMORY?
Part personal remembrance, part educational project, Sites of Memory reattaches memories of the dead to locations in New York City through audio guided walking tours and map-based archives, linking separate urban sites together into a larger story about remembrance, mortality and forgetting.
Part personal remembrance, part educational project, Sites of Memory reattaches memories of the dead to locations in New York City through audio guided walking tours and map-based archives, linking separate urban sites together into a larger story about remembrance, mortality and forgetting.
WHAT IS IT FOR?
Sites of Memory links our modern selves to the shared history of our great metropolis. The project frees unseen memories hidden in the stones and streets of our city from layers of time and neglect, and retells colorful yet forgotten stories of fascinating lives.
Sites of Memory links our modern selves to the shared history of our great metropolis. The project frees unseen memories hidden in the stones and streets of our city from layers of time and neglect, and retells colorful yet forgotten stories of fascinating lives.
HOW DO THE TOURS WORK?
Curated tours have ten to twelve map points meant to be experienced in numerical sequence. As you follow along, a linear story unfolds.
Individual points of interest are a little different; Sites of Memory in all five boroughs are grouped into a single non-sequential tour. These stories are not related-except in the sense that seen together, they make up a memorial snapshot of our city, and of events and people now largely lost to time.
Curated tours have ten to twelve map points meant to be experienced in numerical sequence. As you follow along, a linear story unfolds.
Individual points of interest are a little different; Sites of Memory in all five boroughs are grouped into a single non-sequential tour. These stories are not related-except in the sense that seen together, they make up a memorial snapshot of our city, and of events and people now largely lost to time.
HOW DO I USE IT…
From my desktop?
Discover events that happened in neighborhoods across all 5 boroughs of New York City by clicking the data points on the map and listening to the audio narration. You can follow along one of our sequentially numbered tours—each point a small part of a bigger story—or explore locations at random. If you click the small yellow man icon at top left of the main map and drag him to a Site of Memory location, you’ll get the Google street view of what it looks like today. Look for the Sites of Memory map pin (it will appear overlaid on the street view image) to identify your vantage point.
From my mobile device?
Email a tour to your HTML5 -enabled smartphone or tablet and proceed to the first stop on the tour. As you approach each Site of Memory, hit the play button on your screen to activate the audio for the location. Some tours cover a great deal of distance, and are impractical to cover in their entirety unless you are a truly intrepid hiker. Other tours include inaccessible points located, for example, in the middle of the East River or many miles away from other tour points. It isn’t expected that anyone will actually attempt to get there, but these spots are included because they play a critical role in the larger narrative. The tour will direct you to a vantage point where you can see the distant location, listen to the audio file, and then move on to the next local tour stop.
From my desktop?
Discover events that happened in neighborhoods across all 5 boroughs of New York City by clicking the data points on the map and listening to the audio narration. You can follow along one of our sequentially numbered tours—each point a small part of a bigger story—or explore locations at random. If you click the small yellow man icon at top left of the main map and drag him to a Site of Memory location, you’ll get the Google street view of what it looks like today. Look for the Sites of Memory map pin (it will appear overlaid on the street view image) to identify your vantage point.
From my mobile device?
Email a tour to your HTML5 -enabled smartphone or tablet and proceed to the first stop on the tour. As you approach each Site of Memory, hit the play button on your screen to activate the audio for the location. Some tours cover a great deal of distance, and are impractical to cover in their entirety unless you are a truly intrepid hiker. Other tours include inaccessible points located, for example, in the middle of the East River or many miles away from other tour points. It isn’t expected that anyone will actually attempt to get there, but these spots are included because they play a critical role in the larger narrative. The tour will direct you to a vantage point where you can see the distant location, listen to the audio file, and then move on to the next local tour stop.
CAN I CONTRIBUTE?
Yes, very soon! We’re working hard on the next phase of the project, which will allow users to post their own photos, written reminiscences, and audio tributes onto a special personal memories section of the site. Stay tuned! If you’d like to receive progress updates and receive notification when we’re ready to launch, please send us your email address.
Yes, very soon! We’re working hard on the next phase of the project, which will allow users to post their own photos, written reminiscences, and audio tributes onto a special personal memories section of the site. Stay tuned! If you’d like to receive progress updates and receive notification when we’re ready to launch, please send us your email address.
I NEED HELP!
If you are encountering any difficulties using the site or mobile tours, please email and we will do our best to solve the issues. It helps us a great deal if you can tell us what kind of computer, operating system and browser you’re using, or what kind of mobile device, and if you can describe the specific problem you’re having.
If you are encountering any difficulties using the site or mobile tours, please email and we will do our best to solve the issues. It helps us a great deal if you can tell us what kind of computer, operating system and browser you’re using, or what kind of mobile device, and if you can describe the specific problem you’re having.
HOW CAN I LEARN MORE?
We provide links to all research sources used in creating the tours. You’ll find stories about memorials, updates about new Sites of Memory tours and events, and links to artist’s projects on the subject of death, mortality, and remembrance on our blog. Please follow us on Twitter and Facebook too!
We provide links to all research sources used in creating the tours. You’ll find stories about memorials, updates about new Sites of Memory tours and events, and links to artist’s projects on the subject of death, mortality, and remembrance on our blog. Please follow us on Twitter and Facebook too!
STAY IN TOUCH
Feel free to email with any questions, comments, or suggestions—we’re always looking for ways to improve Sites of Memory.
Feel free to email with any questions, comments, or suggestions—we’re always looking for ways to improve Sites of Memory.
SOURCES AND FURTHER READING
THE BEAUTIFUL CIGAR GIRL 19 C Baseball,The Equipment. http://www.19cbaseball.com/equipment-5.html Adams, Bluford. E Pluribus Barnum: The Great Showman and the Making of U.S. Popular Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. Asbury, Herbert. Gangs of New York. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1927. Barnum, P. T. The Nation, August 10, 1865. Letter to the Editor. http://chnm.gmu.edu/lostmuseum/lm/27/ Browder, Clifford.The Wickedest Woman in New York: Madame Restell, the Abortionist. Houston: Archon, 1988. The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allen Poe. New York: Random House, 1975. Crouthamel, James L. Bennett's New York Herald and the Rise of the Popular Press. New York: Syracuse University Press, 1989. Gray, Christopher. The New York Times, August 8, 2004. Streetscapes/Chambers Street, West of Broadway; An Unruly Mix of Traffic, Stores and Architecture. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/08/realestate/streetscapes-chambers-street-west-broadway-unruly-mix-traffic-stores.html ---. The New York Times, April 27, 2008. A Chapel the City Sought to Save. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/realestate/27scap.html The History Box, March 5, 2007. Madame Restell, the Female Abortionist. http://thehistorybox.com/ny_city/nycity_crime_restell_article00139.htm Homburger, Eric. The Historical Atlas of New York City. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1994. Jackson, Kenneth T., editor. The Encyclopedia of New York City, Second Edition. New Haven:Yale University Press, 2010. Keller, Allan.Scandalous Lady: The Life and Times of Madame Restell, New York's Most Notorious Abortionist. New York: Atheneum, 1981. Kluger, Richard.The Paper: The Life and Death of the New York Herald Tribune. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986. The Lost Museum, Barnum's American Museum. http://chnm.gmu.edu/lostmuseum/lm/163/ Rosenberg, Scott A. A.M. New York, October 27, 2009. Exploring Edgar Allan Poe's New York. http://www.amny.com/urbanite-1.812039/exploring-edgar-allan-poe-s-new-york-1.1551802 Sante, Luc. Low Life: Lures and Snares of Old New York. New York: Vintage Books, 1992. Stashower, Daniel. The Beautiful Cigar Girl: Mary Rogers, Edgar Allan Poe, and the Invention of Murder. New York: The Penguin Group, 2006. Van Every, Edward. Sins of New York as "Exposed" by the Police Gazette. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1930. Victorian Gothic, June 18, 2011. Who Was Madame Restell? http://www.victoriangothic.org/who-was-madame-restell/ Wonderful Trial of Caroline Lohman, alias Restell : with Speeches of Counsel, Charge of Court, and Verdict of Jury. New York: Burgess Stringer & Co., 1847. http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/5794762?n=2&printThumbnails=true THE CIVIL WAR DRAFT RIOTS Asbury, Herbert. Gangs of New York. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1927. Blankfein, Alex. The Causes and Effects of the New York Draft Riots of 1863. http://www.mapsites.net/gotham/es/_alexblankfein_es.htm Brooks Brothers, About Us: Our Heritage. The Brooks Brothers Timeline. http://www.brooksbrothers.com/aboutus/heritage.tem Carlson, Jen. Gothamist, May 24, 2011. When Roosevelt Island was Blackwell's Island. http://gothamist.com/2011/05/24/flahsback_when_roosevelt_island_was.php#photo-1 Cruz, Barbara C. and Jennifer Marques Patterson. Business Library, Jan-Feb. 2005. "In the midst of strange and terrible times": the New York City Draft Riots of 1863. http://nyc10044.com/timeln/asylum/lunatic.html Gootman, Elissa. The New York Times, April 7, 2003. Recalling a Place of Sanctuary for Black Orphans. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/07/nyregion/recalling-a-place-of-sanctuary-for-black-orphans.html Harper's New Monthly Magazine, February 1866. Blackwell's Island Lunatic Asylum. http://bit.ly/KyjrKC Harper's Weekly, August 1, 1863. The Riots at New York. http://www.ucc.uconn.edu/~pbaldwin/harpersw.html Harris, Leslie M. In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. The History Box, December 27, 2008. Blackwell's Island, 1869. http://www.thehistorybox.com/ny_city/nycity_blackwell's%20island_1869_article1313.htm --- The Draft Riots In New York City 1863, Part III: The New York Draft Riot. >http://www.thehistorybox.com/ny_city/riots/sectionII/printerfriendly/nycity_riots_article9a.htm --- The Colored Orphan Asylum Riot 1863. http://www.thehistorybox.com/ny_city/riots/sectionII/riots_article10a.htm Jackson, Kenneth T., editor. The Encyclopedia of New York City, Second Edition. New Haven:Yale University Press, 2010. Mapping the African-American Past (MAAP): Colored Orphan Asylum. http://maap.columbia.edu/place/35.html Neatorama: 5 New York City Riots, May 8, 2009. http://www.neatorama.com/2009/05/08/five-new-york-city-riots/ The New-York Historical Society, New York Divided. Draft Riots Violence. http://www.nydivided.org/popup/Documents/DraftRiotsViolence.php --- Orphan Asylum, http://www.nydivided.org/popup/Places/OrphanAsylum.php# --- Brooks Brothers, http://www.nydivided.org/popup/Places/BrooksBrothers.php --- Guide to the Records of the New-York Manumission Society, 1785-1849. http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/nyhs/manumission.html NYC.gov, Almshouse 1758-1953. http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/html/collections/collections_almshouse.shtml NYC.gov/Records, The Civil War. http://www.nyc.gov/html/records/html/features/civilwar.shtml The Olive Tree Genealogy, New York Orphans Records. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ote/orphans/ Riis, Jacob, with an introduction by Luc Sante. How the Other Half Lives. New York: The Penguin Group, 1997. Originally published in New York by Charles Scribner's Sons, 1890. Seraile, William. Angels of Mercy: White Women and the History of New York's Colored Orphan Asylum. New York: Fordham University Press, 2011. Symonds, Craig. The New York Times: Times Topics: American Civil War (1861-1865). http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/subjects/c/civil_war_us/index.html Uncovering the Real Gangs of New York. Documentary, directed by Harry Hanbury, The Discovery Channel, 2002. US Slave, May 28, 2011. Testimony from Victims of New York's Draft Riots, July, 1863. http://usslave.blogspot.com/2011/05/testimony-from-victims-of-new-yorks.html Virtual New York City, The NY Draft Riots. http://www.virtualny.cuny.edu/draftriots/DAY1/d1_fr_set.html THE GENERAL SLOCUM STEAMSHIP DISASTER Thanks to Benjamin Feldman for his research assistance with contemporary photographs and journalism. The 1889 Shuetzen Hall-12 St. Mark's Place, July 28, 2011. http://daytoninmanhattan.blogspot.com/2011/07/1889-schuetzen-hall-12-st-marks-place.html The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, June 15, 1904. Stories Told by Survivors, Excursion Was That of St. Mark's German Lutheran Church, Manhattan. http://www.bklyn-genealogy-info.com/Newspaper/Slocum/Slocum.html Encyclopedia Titanica, Eastland/General Slocum. http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/discus/messages/6937/38074.html The Fascinating Forgotten Wrecks of New York Harbor. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/THE+FASCINATING+FORGOTTEN+WRECKS+OF+NEW+YORK+HARBOR-a01611693301 Fireboat John J. Harvey, FDNY Fireboat Fleet List. http://www.fireboat.org/history/fleetlist.asp Jackson, Kenneth T., editor. The Encyclopedia of New York City, Second Edition. New Haven:Yale University Press, 2010. Joyce, James. Ulysses. With an introduction by Declan Kiberd. New York, Penguin: 1992. First published in Paris by Shakespeare and Company, 1922. Kalafus, Jim. The General Slocum. http://www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/general-slocum.html Kornblum, William. At Sea in the City: New York from the Water's Edge. Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, div. of Workman Publishing, 2002. Manhattan Melodrama, Chapter 1, "The Sinking of the General Slocum," DVD, directed by W.S. Van Dyke (1934; Warner Home Video, 2007). The Mariner's Museum Collections: Destruction of the General Slocum. http://www.marinersmuseum.org/node/1000444/1887?comments=1 Martin, Douglas. The New York Times, February 4, 2004. Adella Wotherspoon, Last Survivor of General Slocum Disaster, Dies at 100. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/04/obituaries/04WOTH.html?scp=5&sq=general%20slocum&st=cse The National Archives at New York City. http://www.archives.gov/northeast/nyc/exhibits/slocum-disaster.html New-York Historical Society Museum and Library. New York Divided: Places: Little Germany. http://www.nydivided.org/popup/Places/LittleGermany.php --- The General Slocum and Little Germany, 2004. http://www.nyhistory.org/node/757 The New York Times, June 16, 1904. 1,000 Lives May Be Lost in Burning of the Excursion Boat Gen. Slocum. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0615.html#article O'Donnell, Edward T. Ship Ablaze: The Tragedy of the Steamboat General Slocum. New York: Broadway Books, div. of Random House, 2003. Opacity [Urban Ruins]. Staten Island Boat Graveyard, Wrecks. http://www.opacity.us/image2999_the_abram_hewitt.htm Report of the Fire Department of the City of New York, 1904. http://www.archive.org/stream/reportfiredepar00deptgoog/reportfiredepar00deptgoog_djvu.txt This American Life. Airdate September 21, 2001. Before and After, Act Two: Watching from the River's Edge. http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/194/Before-and-After Time, December 19, 1927. Catastrophe: Death of van Schaick. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,731284-1,00.html Towingline.com, September 22, 2010. Witte Marine Scrapyard, http://www.towingline.com/archives/717 Vigorito, Michael. Gotham History Blotter, April 14, 2008. Finding Numina in a Remote Corner of New York City. http://gothamcenter.org/blotter/?p=72 Zasky, Jason. Failure Mag: Remembering a tragedy: The steamboat General Slocum. http://failuremag.com/index.php/feature/article/up_the_creek_without_a_paddle/ SINGLE POINTS OF INTEREST AMADOU DIALLO Cooper, Michael. The New York Times, February 05, 1999. Officers in Bronx Fire 41 Shots, And an Unarmed Man Is Killed. http://www.New YorkTimes.com/1999/02/05/nyregion/officers-in-bronx-fire-41-shots-and-an-unarmed-man-is-killed.html?src=pm Fritsch, Jane. The New York Times, February 26, 2000. The Diallo Verdict: The Overview. 4 Officers are Acquitted of All Charges. http://www.New York Times.com/2000/02/26/nyregion/diallo-verdict-overview-4-officers-diallo-shooting-are-acquitted-all-charges.html?src=pm Lysiak, Matthew. The New York Daily News, December 06, 2009. Bronx Spot where Amadou Diallo Shot to Death Hot Tourist Attraction. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2009-12-06/local/17940917_1_kadiatou-diallo-tour-guide-amadou-diallo The New York Times, April 28, 2001. Diallo Mural Defaced, Then Repaired. http://www.New York Times.com/2001/04/28/nyregion/diallo-mural-defaced-then-repaired.html AMIABLE CHILD Scouting New York, January 20, 2011. The Three Private Graves in Manhattan. http://www.scoutingny.com/?p=3424 ARI HALBERSTAM Fried, Joseph P. The New York Times, September 9, 2001. Following Up. A Son's Murder, A Mother's Nightmare. http://www.New YorkTimes.com/2001/09/09/nyregion/following-up.html?scp=1&sq=ari+halberstam+memorial+ramp&st= Roberts, Sam. The New York Times, December 27, 2009. How to Find the Bridge? First, Pay Your Respects. http://www.New York Times.com/2009/12/28/nyregion/28signs.html?scp=1&sq=ari%20halberstam&st=cse HENRY BLISS Haberman,Clyde. The New York Times, September 14, 1999. Marking Birth Of Death On the Road. http://www.NewYorkTimes.com/1999/09/14/nyregion/nyc-marking-birth-of-death-on-the-road.html?scp=5&sq=henry%20bliss%201899&st=cse Pollack, Michael. The New York Times, August 21,2005. FYI. The First of Many. http://www.New YorkTimes.com/2005/08/21/nyregion/thecity/21fyi.html?scp=7&sq=henry%20bliss%201899&st=cse JUDGE CRATER Jackson, Kenneth T., editor. The Encyclopedia of New York City, Second Edition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010. The New York Times, August 8, Oct. 15, 1930. Jersey Girl Insists She Saw Crater. http://www.New York Times.com/packages/pdf/nyregion/crater-jersey.pdf Rashbaum, William K. The New York Times, August 20, 2005. Judge Crater Abruptly Appears, at Least in Public Consciousness. http://www.NewYork Times.com/2005/08/20/nyregion/20crater.html The New York Times, September 24, 1930. Search for Crater Swings to Havana. http://www.New York Times.com/packages/pdf/nyregion/crater-cuba.pdf MALBONE STREET CRASH The New York Times, November 2, 1918. Scores Killed, Many Hurt on B.R.T. http://www.nycsubway.org/articles/malbone01.html The American Experience. New York Underground: Death Beneath the Streets. PBS, 1997. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/technology/nyunderground/death.html The New York Times, March 7, 1919. B.R.T. Trial Opens. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B17FF355D147A93C5A91788D85F4D8185F9 The Influenza Pandemic of 1918. http://virus.stanford.edu/uda/ PARK SLOPE PLANE CRASH Park Slope Plane Crash Series, The New York Times Rueb, Emily S. The Neighborhood in 1960. December 13, 2010. http://cityroom.blogs.New York Times.com/2010/12/13/park-slope-plane-crash-the-neighborhood-in-1960/ McGeehan, Patrick. How it Happened. December 14, 2010. http://cityroom.blogs.New York Times.com/2010/12/14/park-slope-plane-crash-how-it-happened/ Newman, Andy. Scarred Roofs and Jet Parts. December 15, 2010. http://cityroom.blogs.New York Times.com/2010/12/15/park-slope-plane-crash-the-lingering-scars/ Dunlap, David W. The Boy Who Fell From the Sky. December 16, 2010. http://cityroom.blogs.New York Times.com/2010/12/16/the-boy-who-fell-from-the-sky/ PROSPECT PARK ZOO Jet, June 8, 1987. Barron, James. The New York Times, May 20, 1987. Polar Bears Kill a Child at Prospect Park Zoo. http://www.New YorkTimes.com/1987/05/20/nyregion/polar-bears-kill-a-child-at-prospect-park-zoo.html Rangel, Jesus. The New York Times, May 23, 1987. Funeral Home is to Pay Burial Costs of Boy Mauled by Bear. http://www.New YorkTimes.com/1987/05/23/nyregion/funeral-home-owner-is-to-pay-burial-costs-of-boy-mauled-by-bear.html?src=pm STATUE OF LIBERTY Asbury, Herbert. Gangs of New York. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1927. Confession of Hicks the Pirate. http://www.scribd.com/doc/54248335/The-Life-trial-confession-and-Execution-of-Albert-W-Hicks-The-Pirate-and-Murderer-Executed-on-Bedloe-s-Island-New-York-Bay-On-the-13th-of-July-1 Levine, Benjamin and Isabelle F. Story. Statue of Liberty National Monument, Bedloe's Island, New York. Washington D.C.: National Park Service, Historical Handbook Series No. 11, 1954. http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hh/11/hh11m.htm The New York Times, July 14, 1860. Execution of Hicks the Pirate; Twelve Thousand People at Bedloe's Island. Scenes at the Tombs, in the Bay, and at the Place of Execution. His Confession. http://www.nytimes.com/1860/07/14/news/execution-hicks-pirate-twelve-thousand-people-bedloe-s-island-scenes-tombs-bay.html?pagewanted=1 WINDSOR HOTEL Gray, Christopher. The New York Times, January 7, 2010. Streetscapes: The Windsor Hotel Fire: A Day of Heroism and Horror. http://www.New York Times.com/2010/01/10/realestate/10scapes.html Jackson, Kenneth T., editor. The Encyclopedia of New York City, Second Edition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010. YUSUF HAWKINS The New York Times, August 25, 1989. Black Youth Is Killed by Whites; Brooklyn Attack Is Called Racial. http://www.New YorkTimes.com/1989/08/25/nyregion/black-youth-is-killed-by-whites-brooklyn-attack-is-called-racial.html?src=pm Chan, Sewell. The New York Times, August 21, 2009. The Death of Yusuf Hawkins, 20 Years Later. http://cityroom.blogs.NewYorkTimes.com/2009/08/21/the-death-of-yusuf-hawkins-20-years-later/?scp=1&sq=yusuf%20hawkins&st=cse
